Childhood in the Multimedia Age

Children who are born in this century are bombarded with information, images, and sound bytes coming in from different multimedia streams. Nowadays information can be retrieved and sent at the speed of light.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Childhood in the Multimedia Age specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If parents are not aware of the enormous influence that multimedia can have on their children, then they will not do anything to monitor how children use the Internet and what they watch on TV. These parent will discover later on that technology has become the surrogate parents to their sons and daughters. It is time to re-evaluate how society has come to understand the impact of technology on children. Without a doubt the Internet and television can be an effective tool in enhancing the learning experience but it can also be considered as a Pandora’s Box that can unleash a host of problems, in the place w here children are the most vulnerable – in their homes. It has become more evident that technology is affecting the way children see the world. It can also influence their thinking process and therefore the only effective means to counteract these effects is to teach children how to deal with technology so that the TV set, the computers, and the video games are under their control and not the other way around. The Way they Learn Kirkorian, Wartella and Anderson, argued that those who were born in the latter part of the 20th century are already active media users especially pertaining to watching TV. But before the 1980s there was very little research when it comes to the impact of TV on children’s psychosocial and cognitive development. But the turning point came researchers discovered that as the child grows older he is no longer a passive viewer but able to pay greater attention to informative features such as dialogue and narrative (Kirkorian, Wartella Anderson, 20 08, p. 40). This insight into the world of TV viewing has both positive and negative implications. Since children are no longer seen as passive consumers of media messages, parents and moral leaders of society are concerned with the increasing violence and mature subject matter depicted on TV screens. If children beyond the toddler stage can perceive informative features such as dialogue and narrative what would be the impact if they cannot discriminate between fact and fiction. But Kirkorian, Wartella and Anderson’s article focused more on the positive effects of TV viewing.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The researchers asserted that, â€Å"Educational television programs, those designed around a curriculum with a specific goal to communicate academic or social skills, teach their intended lesson† (Kirkorian, Wartella Anderson, 2008, p. 45). The only word of cautions is that for producers to pay attention to age-appropriate content as this is the crucial factor when it comes to maximizing the educational benefits of TV viewing with shows like Sesame Street, Dora the Explorer, and Teletubbies, among others. In 1999 alone, it was estimated that there more than fifty percent of households with children who had access to a computer game system, and that more than fifty percent had home computers and that close to forty percent had access to the Internet (Subrahmanyam et al., 2000, p. 123). In the present these figures had risen to levels that would suggest a significant saturation of the market with computers like PCs and Apple Macintosh to Internet service that would allow kids access to a highly interactive world of cyberspace. Aside from the fact that computers and Internet has the potential to supply information and images not appropriate for minors, the number one concern with computer use is the fact that it can easily displace other activiti es. It is particularly worrying for kids because at this stage in their lives they need to play outdoors and interact with other children and adults. But if they are holed up in their rooms and are content to stare into a small screen there is legitimate cause for concern for this can have a negative impact on their development. It has been pointed out that â€Å"extended computer use may be linked to an increased risk of obesity, seizures and hand injuries† (Subrahmanyam, 2000, p.125). Yet surprisingly the effect on cognitive skills and academic performance are on the positive side. Numerous studies confirmed that after playing a particular computer game children were able to improve their spatial skills or the ability to manipulate objects or images in their minds. The same is true with iconic skills – the ability to read images. There was also a marked improvement in visual attention skills – a skill similar to a pilot keeping track of a row of several engine dials simultaneously (Subrahmanyam, 2000, p. 129). It is time to examine the social aspect of extended computer use. The Way they Behave According to the researchers there is no need to elaborate the fact that, â€Å"spending a disproportionate amount of time on any one leisure activity at the expense of others will hamper social and educational development† (Subrahmanyam, 2000, p. 132). This simply means that if a child will not give time for his or her studies and other school activities then there will be only mastery of computer games and nothing more. But aside from possible problems when it comes to school work, non-educational games that centred on violent themes can increase aggressiveness, hostility and can desensitize children to violence (Subrahmanyam, 2000, p. 132). The numerous school shootings in the United States and Europe forced many people to reconsider this view.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Childhood in the Multimedia Age specifi cally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Aside from the physical, cognitive aspects of extended computer use, technology has evolved to such a point that computers are no longer merely education tools and gaming systems. It is now possible to develop virtual communities and relate to other people via the computer and the Internet. While there can be the problem of isolation and loneliness, an inevitable result of staring at a computer screen and interacting with a machine the second most important concern is the ability to develop virtual identities where children can use their imagination to make an alternative identity. They can imagine themselves as a knight in shining armour or a villain. In their own virtual world no one can be sure if the child can discriminate between fantasy and reality. A commentary said that â€Å"Although research on the long-term effects of media exposure on children’s emotional skill development is limited, a go od deal of evidence shows that media exposure can contribute to children’s fears and anxieties† (Wilson, 2008, p. 87). This is a significant claim considering that in the 21st century parents are busy working and spending long hours at work and has very little time to supervise and monitor the activities of their children. But there is more, there seems to be a proliferation of movies with horror-filled content such as vampire films, movies with witches as main characters, and of course the typical horror films that can now be viewed by children. Most of these films are targeted towards children (Wilson, 2008, p. 93). It was also revealed in studies â€Å"that preschoolers and elementary school children have experienced short-term fright in reaction to what they saw on TV and the movies† (Wilson, 2008, p. 93). The most interesting research with regards to this subject matter is a nationally representative survey where 62 percent of parents of 2-7 year olds remark ed that their children had, â€Å"sometimes become scared that something they saw in a movie or TV might happen to them† (Wilson, 2008, p. 93). Researchers also highlighted the fact that â€Å"Children who viewed footages of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and its aftermath experienced post-traumatic symptoms, 35 percent had difficult falling asleep or had trouble concentrating while 47 percent were worried about their safety or the safety of their loved one† (Wilson, 2008, p. 94). If this is true with other children then there is a need to take a closer look at this phenomenon. Even with increasing evidence that frightening shows, and emotionally distressing programming are causing a negative impact in the lives of children there is still a need for more research to examine long term effects of these type of media content. Meanwhile kids require more supervision and the parents can teach them to develop skills that will help them understand fantasy from reality.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The phenomenal growth of video games could never have been predicted based on the first generation equipment and technology used a few decades ago. In the present day, its success is very much the result of leaps and bound in gaming concepts and technological advancements. It could also be argued that part of its success draws from the winning formula of adding violence into the story and actual mechanics of the virtual game. Violence in video games is a major concern among parents, school officials and even politicians who are pressured by parents and teachers to do something about the problem. What exactly is the effect of video games -having violent content – in the behaviour of young people between the ages of 12 and 18? The age bracket is interesting and yet very apt in the discussion due to the still vivid recollection of school shootings that had shaken American education to its core. The Way they Think Aside from affecting the way they learn and behave, information te chnology and multimedia resources are also affecting the way children think. There is therefore a need to educate children on how to deal with a world bombarded with images and information accessed from different multimedia streams. They belong to the high-tech era and therefore obsolete methods of raising children has no effect on them. This does not mean that traditions and culture that existed for centuries has to be thrown out of the window. However, old-age techniques has to be modified and adapted to the needs of the present. Nevertheless, it nothing short of arrogance for someone to say that he has discovered the best way to educate children. But it can be argued that there are indeed methods that can produce highly satisfactory results. This method of teaching or educating can be derived at by first clarifying some terms. Obviously the first idea that requires clarification is the meaning of the term – to educate. It must be made clear what is the exact meaning or int ended meaning before one can proceed and provide solution to a very important issue, the proper way of educating children so that they can deal with the multimedia onslaught. This means that children must be educated in a pragmatic manner, teaching them the ability to learn skills that will help them navigate the real world. In the context of this study children must be taught how to handle technology. They must understand that technology must be their slaves and not to be controlled by it. They must understand the health risks of video games and spending a great deal of time in front of computer monitor. More importantly they need to know how to deal with problems related to cyberspace. This means that instead of forcing them to memorize useless information it would serve them better if they learn the basics of computers, the ability to read with comprehension etc. On top of all these skills, children should be trained in how to think with an eye towards problem solving. They have to be taught how to discern danger especially in the virtual world where sex predators had modified their strategies to suit the times (Arnaldo, 2001, p.5). Conclusion The 21st century can be labelled as the Multimedia Age. Therefore, children that were born in this generation are faced with challenges that are unique to them. The Internet, 24/7 News channels, Cable TV, and video games are affecting the way they see the world and react to it. It is now time for parents to re-evaluate how they treat technology and how much they spend time in monitoring what their children are doing on a regular basis. It is no longer acceptable for parents to leave their kids in front of the TV and the computer without knowing the media content being delivered, shared, or streamed online. It is time to be vigilant and to take a more proactive stance in teaching children how to deal with technology. This is the time because tomorrow may be too late for many of them. References Arnaldo, C. (2001). Chil d Abuse on the Internet: Ending the Silence. UK: Berghahn Books. Kirkorian, H., Wartella, E. Anderson, D. (2008). Media and young children’s learning.  The Future of Children, 18(1): 39-55. Subramanyam, K. et al. (2000). The impact of home computer use on children’s activities and development. The Future of Children, 10(2): 123-140. Wilson, B. (2008). Media and children’s aggression, fear, and altruism. The Future  of Children, 18(1): 87-111. This essay on Childhood in the Multimedia Age was written and submitted by user Kelly F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Beringian Standstill Hypothesis of the First Americans

Beringian Standstill Hypothesis of the First Americans The Beringian Standstill Hypothesis, also known as the Beringian Incubation Model (BIM), proposes that the people who would eventually colonize the Americas spent between ten to twenty thousand years stranded on the Bering Land Bridge (BLB), the now-submerged plain beneath the Bering Sea called Beringia. The BIM argues that during the turbulent times of the Last Glacial Maximum about 30,000 years ago, people from what is today Siberia in northeastern Asia arrived in Beringia. Because of local climate changes, they became trapped there, cut off from Siberia by glaciers in the Verkhoyansk Range in Siberia and in the Mackenzie River valley in Alaska. There they remained in the tundra environment of Beringia until retreating glaciers and rising sea levels allowedand eventually forcedtheir migration into the remainder of the Americas about 15,000 years ago. If true, the BIM explains the long-recognized, deeply puzzling discrepancy of the late dates for the colonization of the Americas (Preclovis sites such as Upward Sun River Mouth in Alaska) and the similarly stubbornly early dates of the antecedent Siberian sites (the Yana Rhinoceros Horn site in Siberia; for some of this discussion, see ORourke and Raff). The BIM also disputes the notions of three waves of migration. Up until recently, scholars explained a perceived variation in mitochondrial DNA among modern (indigenous) Americans by postulating multiple waves of migration from Siberia, or even, for a while, Europe. But, recent macro-studies of mtDNA identified a series of pan-American genome profiles, shared by modern Americans from both continents, decreasing the perception of widely varying DNA. Scholars still think that there was a post-glacial migration from northeast Asia of the ancestors of the Aleut and Inuitbut that side-issue is not addressed here, see Adachi and colleagues, Long and colleagues, and Schurr and colleagues in the bibliography. Evolution of the Beringian Standstill Hypothesis The environmental aspects of the BIM were proposed by Eric Hultà ©n in the 1930s, who argued that the now-submerged plain beneath the Bering Strait was a refuge for people, animals and plants during the coldest parts of the Last Glacial Maximum, between 28,000 and 18,000 calendar years ago (cal BP). Dated pollen studies from the floor of the Bering Sea and from adjacent lands to the east and west support Hultà ©ns hypothesis, indicating that the region was a mesic tundra habitat, similar to that of tundra in the foothills of the Alaska range today. Several tree species, including spruce, birch and alder, were present in the region, providing fuel for fires. Mitochondrial DNA is the strongest support for the BIM hypothesis. That was published in 2007 by Tamm and colleagues, who identified evidence for the genetic isolation of ancestral Native Americans from Asia. Tamm and colleagues identified a set of genetic haplogroups common to most living Native American groups (A2, B2, C1b, C1c, C1d*, C1d1, D1, and D4h3a), haplogroups that had to have arisen after their ancestors left Asia, but before they dispersed into the Americas. In a 2012 study, Auerbach reports that although there is variation among the five (admittedly a very tiny population) early Holocene male skeletons which have been recovered from North America, the individuals all have wide bodies, a trait shared by Native American communities today and which is associated with adaptations to cold climates. Auerbach argues that people from the Americas have wider bodies than other populations around the world. If true, that also supports the isolation model, as it would have been a shared trait developed in Beringea before people dispersed. Genomes and Beringia A 2015 study (Raghavan et al.) comparing genomes of modern people from all over the world found support for the Beringian Standstill Hypothesis, albeit reconfiguring the time depth. This study argues that the ancestors of all Native Americans were genetically isolated from East Asians no earlier than than 23,000 years ago. They hypothesize that a single migration into the Americas occurred between 14,000 and 16,000 years ago, following the open routes within the interior Ice Free corridors or along the Pacific coast. By the Clovis period (~12,600-14,000 years ago), isolation caused a split among the Americans into northernAthabascans and northern Amerindian groupsand southerncommunities from southern North America and Central and South America. Raghavan et al. also found what they termed a distant Old World signal related to Australo-Melanesians and East Asians in some Native American groups, ranging from a strong signal in the Suruà ­Ã‚  of Brazils Amazon forest to a much weaker signal in northern Amerindians such as Ojibwa. Raghavan et al. hypothesize that the Australo-Melanesian gene flow may have arrived from Aleutian Islanders traveling along the Pacific rim about 9,000 years ago. In an article released the same week as Raghavan et al., Skoglund et al. reported similar research and resulting genetic evidence. While their results are largely the same, they emphasized the Australo-Melanesian gene flow among South American groups, terming it evidence of Population Y, and arguing that the data support a long-standing theory concerning ancient Australo-Melanesian voyages to the New World. This model is over a decade old, but was built on cranial morphology and has not had genome support before this time. Skoglund et al. admit that DNA has not been retrieved from crania exhibiting the supposed physical affinities to Australo-Melanesians. See Was there Pre-columbian Contact Between Polynesia and America for additional discussion. Archaeological Sites Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site, Russia, 28,000 cal BP, six sites above the Arctic Circle and east of the Verkhoyansk Range. Malta, Russia, 15,000-24,000 cal BP: DNA of a child burial at this upper Paleolithic site shares genomes with modern western Eurasians and Native Americans bothFunadomari, Japan, 22,000 cal BP: Jomon culture burials share mtDNA in common with Eskimo (haplogroup D1, see Adachi)On Your Knees Cave, Alaska, 10,300 cal BP (see Perego 2009 Paisley Caves, Oregon 14,000 cal BP, coprolites containing mtDNA Monte Verde, Chile, 15,000 cal BP, first confirmed preclovis site in the Americas Kennewick  and Spirit Cave, USA, both 9,000 years cal BP (wide body form, see Auerbach) Charlie Lake Cave, British Columbia, Canada Daisy Cave, California, US Ayer Pond, Washington, US Upward Sun River Mouth, Alaska, US Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Population of Americas, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Adachi N, Shinoda K-i, Umetsu K, and Matsumura H. 2009. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Jomon skeletons from the Funadomari site, Hokkaido, and its implication for the origins of Native American. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 138(3):255-265. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20923 Auerbach BM. 2012. Skeletal variation among early Holocene North American humans: Implications for origins and diversity in the Americas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 149(4):525-536. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22154 Hoffecker JF, Elias SA, and ORourke DH. 2014. Out of Beringia? Science 343:979-980. doi:10.1126/science.1250768 Kashani BH, Perego UA, Olivieri A, Angerhofer N, Gandini F, Carossa V, Lancioni H, Semino O, Woodward SR, Achilli A et al. 2012. Mitochondrial haplogroup C4c: A rare lineage entering America through the ice-free corridor? American Journal of Physical Anthropology 147(1):35-39. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21614 Long JC, and Ctira Bortolini M. 2011. New developments in the origins and evolution of Native American populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146(4):491-494. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21620 ORourke DH, and Raff JA. 2010. The Human Genetic History of the Americas: The Final Frontier. Current Biology 20(4):R202-R207. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.051 Perego UA, Achilli A, Angerhofer N, Accetturo M, Pala M, Olivieri A, Kashani BH, Ritchie KH, Scozzari R, Kong Q-P et al. 2009. Distinctive Paleo-Indian Migration Routes from Beringia Marked by Two Rare mtDNA Haplogroups. Current Biology 19:1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.058 Raff JA, Bolnick DA, Tackney J, and ORourke DH. 2011. Ancient DNA perspectives on American colonization and population history. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146(4):503-514. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21594 Raghavan M, Skoglund P, Graf KE, Metspalu M, Albrechtsen A, Moltke I, Rasmussen S, Reedik M, Campos PF, Balanovska E et al. 2014. Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature 505(7481):87-91. doi: 10.1038/nature12736 Raghavan M, Steinrà ¼cken M, Harris K, Schiffels S, Rasmussen S, DeGiorgio M, Albrechtsen A, Valdiosera C, vila-Arcos MC, Malaspinas A-S et al. 2015. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans. Science. doi: 10.1126/science.aab3884 Reich D, Patterson N, Campbell D, Tandon A, Mazieres S, Ray N, Parra MV, Rojas W, Duque C, Mesa N et al. 2012. Reconstructing Native American population history. Nature 488(7411):370-374. doi:10.1038/nature11258 Schurr TG, Dulik MC, Owings AC, Zhadanov SI, Gaieski JB, Vilar MG, Ramos J, Moss MB, Natkong F, and The Genographic C. 2012. Clan, language, and migration history has shaped genetic diversity in Haida and Tlingit populations from Southeast Alaska. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148(3):422-435. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22068 Skoglund P, Mallick S, Bortolini MC, Chennagiri N, Hunemeier T, Petzl-Erler ML, Salzano FM, Patterson N, and Reich D. 2015. Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas. Nature advance online publication. doi: 10.1038/nature14895 Tamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu M, Smith DG, Mulligan CJ, Bravi CM, Rickards O, Martinez-Labarga C, Khusnutdinova EK et al. 2007. Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders. PLoS ONE 2(9):e829. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000829 Wheat A. 2012. Survey of professional opinions regarding the peopling of America. SAA Archaeological Record 12(2):10-14.

Kings Hard work To Attain Civil Rights Research Paper

Kings Hard work To Attain Civil Rights - Research Paper Example Martin Luther King Jr. is the most important single Civil Rights Movement Activists because of his leadership qualities, activities to attain civil rights and attainments. Leadership Qualities Of Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. was an exemplary leader of the Civil Rights Movement. During his life, he exhibited five important leadership qualities including faith, honesty, strong cognitive ability, high self-confidence, willpower and social acceptability (Chumach 1). This section will include the summary of the entire research paper including the leadership qualities, the hard work and the attainments of Martin Luther King Jr. Retribution needs to be handed down by the law enforcement agents, who are described as being blandly dispassionate as they inescapable. In some instances, their energy is usually misdirected like the park ranger who denied accessibility to the ginseng plants.

Portfolio on my communication adequacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Portfolio on my communication adequacy - Essay Example Portfolio on my communication adequacy Towards the beginning of the task, we chose as a gathering that every colleague would be in charge of one piece of the presentation. My part was to incorporate the distinctive parts into one firm presentation. To comprehend why this critical incident happened and how comparable circumstances can perhaps be kept away from later on, I will utilize the media richness hypothesis (taking into account Lengel & Daft (1988). As indicated by this hypothesis, diverse structures or "mediums" of correspondence have distinctive abilities to convey and transmit data. The hypothesis contends that convoluted messages, or messages that convey a great deal of data, ought to be transmitted utilizing rich mediums, for example, video conferencing or face to face, while simpler messages can be viably be conveyed utilizing more straightforward mediums, for example, email and pamphlets. Case in point, a basic message in regards to the area of a meeting can be sufficiently conveyed utilizing an email or pamphlet, while a more unpredictable message, for example, the justification for a departmental rebuild ought to be conveyed up close and personal. The hypothesis additionally contends that none- routine messages o ught to be conveyed utilizing media-rich channels. As depicted in Table 1, my message determined an assignment due date for my fellow team members. Figure 1 demonstrates that my message was not suitably set on the media l richness model, clarifying why my colleagues did not precisely decode it.

Regeneration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Regeneration - Essay Example four major criteria which included, ‘increasing the demand for local labour’, ‘reducing local labour-market imperfections, ‘increasing mobility and awareness of job opportunities’, and ‘increasing the skills of local residents through educational or training schemes’. Correspondingly, the LDDC policies formulated by the central government can be identified to promote the gentrification process (Church, 1987). Similarly, the study of Butler and Lees (2006) asserted the prevalence of super-gentrification in ‘inner London neighbourhood of Barnsbury’, which was further in line with the gentrification noticed in New York. Notably, the Abercrombie Plan visualized â€Å"the outward movement of London’s population to locations beyond the Green Belt at the cost of a declining inner city population† (Keddie, n.d.). These examples can be viewed as evidences which suggest that London Planning Policy promotes the gentrificati on process. 5 The term ‘gentrification’ is one of the most widely debated subject matters in the domain of urban planning. It depicts the transformations in urban design with regard to changes in lifestyle values or economic situations of any particular urban region. The process primarily depicts the idea of providing an increasing share of urban area for wealthier people in order to ensure maximum development of a particular area (Syrett & Sepulved, 2010; (Roberts & Sykes, 2000). This essay will answer the question, as to whether planning policy in London aims to promote or prevent gentrification Gentrification in London has resulted in the emergence of widespread challenges. Gentrification in London is argued to have several negative impacts on the lives of urban population. Notably, gentrification is criticised on several grounds. For example, it has been claimed that gentrification results in ‘loss of affordable housing’, ‘under-occupancy and population loss to gentrified areas’, ‘displacement through rent/price

Features of Robot Design

Features of Robot Design ROBOT DESIGN Section 1 Requirements 1.1 Introduction Robot is a kind of automatic machine, which has particularly a series of similar competences as human-being, such as sensing capability, planning capability, moving capability and so on. The word ‘Robot was referred by Czech writer Karel ÄŒapek in his play R.U.R (Rossums Universal Robots), which was published in 1920. [1] Moreover, the word robotics, which describes this kind of field of study, was referred accidentally by the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov. In his science fiction, all the robots must obey the Three Laws of Robotics (a set of three principles). The laws are stated as follows: 1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey any orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. With the developing of science and technology of modern society, robot is moving toward the trend of the development of intelligent. The one we will design is called Autonomous Mobile Robot which is a kind of mobile robot. It has varieties of sensors and controllers on itself. In addition, it is a robot that can independently complete some tasks without external information input and control during operations. The target for autonomous mobile robot is to, in the absence of external intervention and without making any provisions on the circumstance and changing conditions in carrying out the process, sense around the local circumstance information continuously and make a variety of decision-making independently and finally move purposeful and the complete the tasks. Accordingly, navigation technology is the core of autonomous mobile robot. 1.2 Lifecycles The diagram of lifecycles for this project is given below. It shows from the beginning of the project to the end. The system project management is an extremely vital part in every project, though it is always ignored in many teams. We need make a point of doing project management before do everything. We could discuss in a group to think out all of the possibilities which may happen in the project. ‘Many torpedoes are better than a single bullet. [7] Therefore, a group discuss together may motivate more and more inspiration rather than each single thinks it alone. A typical system feature should have simple function but complex design. It need also make a series of requirements after discussing by group, because it provides some different point of views. Possibly, there will be some quarrels during the discussion, hence, we need to respect to everyone and every point of view. In addition, a straight discipline will be built throughout the project. Every engineer should behave in honest and ethically responsibility. Otherwise, they will not be treated as a professional engineer in their fie ld. Nearly half of team, who is failed in the project, is due to a bad project management. However, the majority of teams may give incomplete requirements in the project; therefore, the result for them is also fail. To sum up, building a high-quality project management and system engineering will decrease project failure probability. 1.3 Quality Plan The quality plan displays the required product qualities and how these are measured and defines the most important quality attributes. The product quality is defined in High-level which emphasize the capabilities of developers for this project. Therefore, we have to consider if the project objectives are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-limited. The quality plan structure is showed in table 2. Process Description Build all of the motors, microcontrollers, sensors and other components on the housing. Then connect all components to the power supply. In addition, build the software code into microcontrollers. Finally, before the formal race, we need to test the robot and improve on the ability such as speed, stable and so on. Quality Goals To drive as fast as possible and also ensure the egg will not get out of the car. Table 2. Quality Plan Structure 1.4 Requirements specification There are a series of requirements going to be given in the paper. It can be grouped in terms of Mandatory, Preference and Operational. Three specific tables of these requirements are given as follows:  ·Mandatory Requirements Motor To make the wheels rotate. Designer need two motor corresponding with two rear wheels. Sensor To provide the robot drive on the right route. It uses A/D conversion to send the signal into singlechip. DC Converter To step-down the voltages from the power supply. The work voltage for singlechip is around 5V, but the power supply given is much higher than it. Hence, designer needs to reduce the voltage. Wheels To make the robot running. Designer need two rear wheels which measure the speed of rotating and one base wheel which makes the robot balance. It Microcontroller To integrate all inputs, outputs and memory etc. into one chip. Housing To put all components on. It is a base for the robot car. Power Supply To provide voltage so that works successfully. Wires To connect all components from one hole to another. Spoon To carry an egg whilst undertaking its journey. Black line To give the robot a track to race. The black line is 5 meter long. It can be designed any shape of routes.  ·Preference Requirements Aesthetic Appearance To prettify the robot from inside to outside. It will be done after dealing with all Hardware and Software components, including adding several Led lights or a sound box. Also, orderly wires connected on the breadboard will be considerate. All of the opinion above would make consumer happy. Battery To give a wireless robot car. Using a pack of battery instead of wired power supply can make a ‘real robot. However, it will increase the weight of robot itself.  ·Operational Requirement Personnel To distribute each part of project to each of six team member specially. In the project, there are different tasks such as programming design, hardware design, mechanical construction etc. After discussion by group, we can filter out the best parts of each section. Therefore, the project can be distributed to each team member who did the best in his field. In addition, there should be a team leader, for supervising and coordinating every part in this project. Test Equipment To test the robot after designing and assembling work. Designer can use different types of raceways to test the ability of the robot such as the maximum speed, minimum and maximum radius of turning circle etc. Facilities To fix the robot with exact tools. Designer needs some basic tools to assemble the components on the housing. Technical Data To give some specific details. Designer may search online to get some technical data, which can prove our design point. Computer Software To design the programming code. Using Microchip MPLAB(if designer use PIC microchip) or other similar software to build the programming code. Cost To control the budget. As we know, designer should give a budget before working. In this project, the budget is 40 pounds, while we can exceed the budget by paying own. However, it is not a good solution. Therefore, the budget should be controlled strictly. Section 2 Design 2.1 Design Outline We divide the design outline into two parts. One is Hardware, and the other is Software. Both of them are extremely vital in this project. We will use EE2A laboratory component to guide us design the project throughout. [8] All of the specific details for each component will be given in each part. A table for design outline is as follows: HARDWIRE Motor Housing Sensor Microcontroller Power Supply SOFTWARE MPLAB IDE 2.1.1 Hardware 2.1.1.1 Servo Control The key of Servo Control is motor. In this paper we will give two kinds of motors—Servo motor and Stepper motor.  ·Servo Motor: It is one kind of indirect subsidy motor speed changing device which can control the mechanical components of the engine running. It can control the speed, displacement accuracy. In addition, it makes voltage signal into torque and rotational speed to drive the controller. The servo motor is divided into DC servo motor and AC servo motor. Servo motor mainly relies on impulse to locate. Also, when servo motor receives a pulse, then it will rotate an angle which is corresponding to one pulse. Thus, it may achieve a displacement. Because of the servo motor has sent a pulse function itself, hence, each servo motor will sent the corresponding numbers of pulse when it rotates an angle. Moreover, it is connected to the pulse which is received by the servo motor, or called ‘Closed-loop. Furthermore, the system will know how many pulses have been sent and how many pulses have been received simultaneously. Accordingly, we can control the motor rotation accurately, in order to achieve precise positioning which can reach 0.001mm. In DC servo motor, it is divided into brush and brushless motors. The characteristics of brush motor and brushless motor are as follows: Brush: Low cost, simple structure, large starting torque, speed range is wide, easy control. Do need to maintain (but easy maintenance). Brushless: Small size, light weight, fast response, high speed, small inertia, smooth rotation, stable torque. Complicated control, easy to implement intelligence. High efficiency, low operating temperature, small electromagnetic radiation. Motor maintenance-free.  ·Stepper Motor: Stepper motor is an open-loop control element which translates electrical impulse signals into angular displacement or linear displacement. Under the non-overload condition, motor speed and stop location only depend on pulse frequency and pulse number, regardless of the load change. That is, to send an electrical pulse signal, then turn one motor step angle. The existence of this kind of linear relationship, coupled with only a periodic error of stepper motors without the accumulated error, makes simple to control the stepper motor in terms of speed, position and other control areas. The characteristics of stepper motor are given as follows:  · Stepper motors are constant power devices When there is a motor speed increasing, then the torque decreases The torque curve may be extended by using current limiting drivers and expanding the driving voltage. Stepper motor has more vibration than any other motors. The vibration becomes awful at some speeds and may affect the motor to lose torque. The effect can be reduced by increasing velocity quickly through the problem speeds range, actually damping the system, or using a half-stepping motor. Motors with many phases also display smoother operation than those with fewer phases. The technical requirements of the servo control system 1. System Accuracy The accuracy refers to the reappearance of the input signal corresponding with the output of the precision required, which performs in the form of errors. It can be summarized as dynamic error, steady-state errors and static errors, which are composed of three aspects. 2. Stability The stability of the system means that when acting on the system after the disappearance of the interference, the system can be restored to its original steady-state capacity; or when there is a new input to the system command, the system will reach a new stable operation of state capacity. 3. Response The response refers to the output follow the input commands changing in reaction speed, which determines the efficiency of the system. The Response speed corresponds with a number of factors, such as the computers speed, movement system damping and quality etc. 4. Operating Frequency The operating frequency usually refers to the system which allows the input signal frequency range. When the operating frequency signal is input, the system will work according to the technical requirements, while the other frequency signal is input, the system will not work properly. The classifying of servo control system There are three kinds of common classifying as follows: 1. According to the different characteristics of parameters. 2. According to the types of the driving components. 3. According to the control theory. The Structure of servo control system Servo control system typically includes in five partscontroller, controlled object, implementation part, testing part and comparison part. 1. Controller Controller is usually a computer or a PID control circuit. The most important task is to compare the warpage output signal and deal with the transform processing, in order to control the implemental components act under the requirements. 2. controlled object The object is controlled including displacement, velocity, acceleration, force and torque. 3. implementation part The function of the implementation part is in term of control signals, according to the requirements of the various forms energy of the input transform into mechanical energy, in order to drive the controlled object. 4. testing part Testing part is a device which is able to measure the output and convert into more areas of the dimension that needed to. Typically, it includes sensors and conversion circuits. 5. comparison part Comparison part is to compare between the input command signals and the feedback signals of system, in order to attain the deviation between the output and input signal, which is usually achieved by a specific circuit or computers. Accordingly, we design this project with using stepper motor. Considering with the difficult in doing the program code, we have to give up using DC servo motor. Moreover, DC servo motor may create some pulses when it works; we have to make each program separately. Furthermore, the advantage for using stepper motor is that we have already programmed the code. Hence, we could use it with some modification easily. 2.1.1.2 Housing In this project, housing is as to the robot, just like trunk as to human-being. The stability and adaptability is the key of the project. Therefore, we prefer buy a readymade housing or the car online. There are 3 advantages for using this method. Firstly, we do not need to deal with the mechanical construction anymore. All of the basic components have already been built on the housing model. It can save an amount of time to do other work; secondly, the housing model is reliable, for the seller has sold so many models already, particularly to the competitors for the race; thirdly, the cost is lower than we do it ourselves. It can control the budget very well. To sum up, we choose this way to get the housing. In addition, the specific size of each component should be given on the prospectus. Therefore, after choosing kinds of different type of housing, we pick up an advanced housing with wheels. The size of wheels could affect the speed and the angle when it is driving. Under the same condition, using big wheels can go fast in the straight line. However, when there is a curve at the end of straight line, it is harder to turn the right direction immediately than small size wheels, because of its big radius of turning circle. The material of wheels could also affect the speed and angle when it is driving. Using plastic rear wheel may provide a high speed because of less friction. However, without more friction, it may get trouble at turning point with high angular velocity. In our case, to make sure the robot go through the black line track is the most important task. Therefore, rubber wheels should be in favour. Hence, to make wheels rotate flexible, we choose a stainless steel base wheel with 3mm inter radius, 10mm outer radius, 4mm thickness. Moreover, two rear wheels were designed with 20mm radius to make sure it has still some space under the housing to build our sensors on. According, the manufactory constructed the housing for these details we need. Finally, we fix two O-type rubber rings on the wheels. In the front of the housing, we still need to deal with some specific works. Firstly, we need two stepper motors discussed before, the point is, how to fix them on the housing steady. Right, we need two clips to fix them on the housing. Then use one screw and one nut for each side to fix the motor steady. Secondly, to make the housing tidy, we need to add a steel plate. It can not only steady the housing, but also provide another new flat to fix chips on so that do the connection work later easier. Furthermore, we have another goal in this project. It is called ‘egg race. It means we must build a spoon provided to carry an egg throughout the race. Hence, we have to consider how to ensure the egg will not be dropped off. Consequently, we design it that put the spoon on the cover of that added steel plate. It is a good place to lay the egg on, for it is not too high. In addition, we could add several wires around the spoon to double ensure it successfully. 2.1.1.3 Sensors Image Sensor An image sensor is a device which converts an optical image to an electric signal. It is used regularly in digital cameras and other imaging devices. Normally, an image sensor is a charge-coupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active-pixel sensor. Most digital still cameras use either a CCD image sensor or a CMOS sensor. Both types of sensor achieve the same task of capturing light and converting it into electrical signals. [2] CMOS A CMOS chip is a type of active pixel sensor which is made by using the CMOS semiconductor method. Extra circuitry adjacent to each image sensor converts the light energy to a voltage. Moreover circuitry on the chip might be included to convert the voltage to digital data. It is a sensor which has high system integration. That is to say, a CMOS chip can integrate all of functions needed by image sensor into a system-on-chip so that to achieve the goal of reducing the cost of the production. CCD A CCD is an analog device. When light hits the chip, it is held like a small electrical charge in each photoelectric sensor. The charges are converted to voltage one pixel every time when they are read from the chip. Moreover, the circuitry in the camera converts the voltage into digital data too. A CCD has a series of advantages as follows:  · High Resolution  · Low Noise  · High Dynamic Range  · Linearity  · High Quantum Efficiency  · Large Field of View  · Broad Spectral Response  · Low Image Distortion  · Small Size, Light Weight  · Low Consume Power, Without Strong Magnetic Fields Effect  · High Charge Transmission Photoelectric sensor A photoelectric sensor is a device used to detect the displacement, absence, or presence of an object by using an infrared transmitter and a photoelectric receiver. They are used broadly in industrial manufacturing. There are three different functional types: opposed, retro reflective, and proximity-sensing. A self-contained photoelectric sensor contains the optics, along with the electronics. It requires only a power source. The sensor performs its own modulation, demodulation, amplification, and output switching. Some self-contained sensors provide such options as built-in control timers or counters. Because of hi-tech progress, self-contained photoelectric sensors have become more and more small. In addition, fibre optic is passive mechanical sensing components. They may be used with self-contained sensors. They have no electrical circuitry and no moving parts, and can safely pipe light into and out of antagonistic environments.[3] After discussing both image sensor and photoelectric sensor, we decide to use photoelectric sensor during the project. From the comparison of advantages and disadvantages, we can easily find that image sensor (usually use CCD method) is a complicated and advanced technology. It is based on photoelectric infrared transmitter and receiver, but use analogue signal to digital signal. It could be used in some complex task such as 3-D race track. In our project, we only challenge to do up to 5 meters race track. Hence, it is not so much useful to get such an exact detection. Moreover, one of the advantages of photoelectric sensor is high response. It is faster than using image sensor to detect the unknown track. Accordingly, we prefer use photoelectric infrared sensor during the project. As we know, the point of photoelectric infrared sensor is infrared. We have to confirm two beside sensors do not disturb each other work. Hence, to get an appropriate distance between two sensors is the problem in this part. From reading several example projects before, we find a majority of them prefer put all the sensors into one straight line where elicits our attention. It does not matter to put them in front or back of the robot. It is similar to the X-axis. We can define each sensor a coordinate. We prefer use seven infrared sensors (1cm space between two sensors), so we can define all of these sensors into [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3], which are the y-coordinate. Connect a LED light to the receiver of each sensor. Thus, we can know which sensor is working and which one is not. The specific diagram of sensors are showed in 1. For example, the robot starts at the centre of black line, so the LEDs should send us a data with [0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0] (when sensor detects black line, the LED will light. Because the different reflectivity of black and white line). Then it will go along the track until meet a turning point. The receiver might be received a data with [0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0]. Thus, from the defin ition of setting before, we can identify the robot has departed from the centre of the black line to left. Therefore, the robot should turn left. There will be some possible troubles during debugging the robot car. The sensors are not reliable after using for a long time. Therefore, the fixed LEDs will solve this problem definitely. When they work, the LEDs should be lighted. 2.1.1.4 Microcontroller A Microcontroller is a small computer based on a single IC (integrated circuit) which is consisting of a relative simple central processor unit combined with specific functions such as a crystal oscillator, timers, and watchdog timer etc. [4] From the comparison with kinds of microcontroller, we choose MC33886 chip which is a member of the low-cost, high-performance HCS08 Family of 8-bit microcontroller units (MCUs). It is a monolithic H-Bridge ideal for fractional horsepower DC-motor and bi-directional thrust solenoid control. The 33886 chip is able to control continuous inductive DC load currents up to 5.0 A. Output loads can be pulse width modulated (PWM-ed)at frequencies up to 10 kHz.[5] The 33886 chip is parametrically detailed over a temperature range of -40 °C ≠¤ TA ≠¤ 125 °C, 5.0 V ≠¤ V+ ≠¤ 28 V. The IC can also be operated up to 40 V with derating of the specifications. The IC is available in a surface mount power package with uncovered pad for heat sinking. The features of MC33886 chip is showed below: [6] Features:  · Similar to the MC33186DH1 with Enhanced Features  · 5.0 V to 40 V Continuous Operation  · 120 mÃŽ © RDS(ON) H-Bridge MOSFETs  · TTL /CMOS Compatible Inputs  · PWM Frequencies up to 10 kHz  · Active Current Limiting via Internal Constant OFF-Time PWM (with Temperature-Dependent Threshold Reduction)  · Output Short Circuit Protection  · Under voltage Shutdown  · Fault Status Reporting  · Pb-Free Packaging Designated by Suffix Code VW In addition, the simplified application diagram and internal block diagram for MC33886 chip is given as follows: The 33886 chip has 20 pins. The diagram and specific Pin Layout function description will be given in 4 and table 1 as follow: Pin Layout Pin Layout Name Formal Name Description 1 AGND Analog Ground Low-current analog signal ground. 2 FS Fault Status for H-Bridge Open drain active Low Fault Status output requiring a pull-up resistor to 5.0 V. 3 IN1 Logic Input Control 1 True logic input control of OUT1 4, 5, 16 V+ Positive Power Supply Positive supply connections. 6, 7 OUT1 H-Bridge Output1 Output 1 of H-Bridge. 8, 20 DNC Do Not Connect Either do not connect or connect these pins to ground in the application. They are test mode pins used in manufacturing only. 9, 10, 11, 12 PGND Power Ground Device high-current power ground. 13 D2 Disable 2 Active Low input used to simultaneously tri-state disable both H-Bridge outputs. When D2 is logic Low, both outputs are tri-stated. 14, 15 OUT2 H-Bridge Output 2 Output 2 of H-Bridge. 17 CCP Charge Pump Capacitor External reservoir capacitor connection for internal charge pump capacitor. 18 D1 Disable 1 Active High input used to simultaneously tri-state disable both H-Bridge outputs. When D1 is logic High, both outputs are tri-stated. 19 IN2 Logic Input Control 2 True logic input control of OUT2 Table 1. Pin Layout Function Definition Some details for using the MC33886 chip should be noticed that how to use several chips together in this project. The method is using a number of MC33886 chips together in parallel. For there is no need to drive backward, hence, we could use half H-bridge and also make two half H-bridge in parallel. The consequence for this method is to enhance the driving ability of the chips. It is a common variation from full H-bridge that uses two transistors on one side of the load. Moreover, use one of the half H-bridge to drive the motor and the other one to provide power for the sensors. 2.1.1.5 Power Supply Power supply is one of the most important components and the fundament for all components working. A regulated DC power supply provides 0~15 V voltage. There are two different way to build the power supply in this project. One is using two wires to connect 0 and +15V to the DC-DC converter; the other one is building a battery on the robot itself. Both of them have advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, we have to analyze both of them first.  · Wired Power supply The advantages for the wired power supply are reliable, stable, durable and savable. The power supply is a regulated DC power supply. The only thing we need to do is using wires to connect both 0 and +15V to the DC-DC converter. Because the working voltage for whatever microcontroller, sensors and stepping motors is 5 volts, we need a DC-DC converter to convert voltage from 15V to 5V. Moreover, we do not need to consider the duration of the power supply. It will still work normally even if works after several hours. Furthermore, using wired power supply is an excellent method to consider the cost during the project, for the power supply is a preference requirement in this project. Hence, we do not need to cost a lot on it. The disadvantage for the wired power supply is obviously wired. We have to let one person hold wires when it is driving. This is a consideration from personnel aspect. It is a waste of energy to the team.  · Wireless Power Supply The advantage for the wireless power supply is that we can design a really autonomous robot. We do not need to contribute one person to look after it. However, we may meet a series of problems when using battery. Firstly, it may increase the weight of whole robot. As we know, it is hard to turn left or right when you drive a high weight car. It is similar to an autonomous robot. Secondly, the duration is limited. For we have to test the robot before the race competition, the problem is how long does this pack of battery provide the power. The answer is not too long. Therefore, if we choose to use battery as the power supply, we have to solve how to charge the battery first. To sum up, it is not a good method to use battery in this project. Basically, we consider from the duration and the cost these two aspects. Accordingly, the final scheme we designed is to use wired power supply. 2.1.2 Software Because we do not have MC33886 chip yet, we have to use PIC 16F648A chip to simulate this design. It should be kinds of similar to each other, but particularly in using different software. With the purpose of writing program data into a PIC chip, a software programmer is required. In the design, a USB controlled PICkit2 may be used. We will give following steps to guild us through the generation of the programme. Moreover, make sure retain a simple ‘debug programme in order to exercise any hardware, such as a simple flashing LED. There are a series steps to help us how to program the device. We pick them up from the laboratory notes.[8] 1. Connect the PICkit2 Microcontroller Programmer to the PC by using the USB cable. Socket the 6-pin header on the bread board or frankly on to the hardware (for in-circuit programming). 2. Start MPLAB IDE from the shortcut icon on the desktop, or the Start menu. In addition, check the version number is MPLAB IDE v7.62 or above. 3. From the MPLAB IDE menu bar, select Project > Project Wizard†¦ 4. It opens up the Project Wizard. Click Next to continue. 5. Wizard Step One: The laboratory project target device is the PIC 16F648A (Which we will give an example in the next section). In the wizard, select the ‘PIC 16F648A from the drop-down box and click next. 6. Wizard Step Two: select the use of the ‘CSSC Compiler for PIC12/14/16/18 for the project language tool suite from the Active Tool suite drop-down box. We should browse so as to discover the location of the files on the hard disk. Then Click Next and continue. 7. Wizard Step Three: Name the project and select a directory. Then Click Next. 8. Wizard Step Four: There is possible that we want to add a file which has been written previously. The file tree view box on the left should already be prolonged to the project directory. Select the file which we want to add and click the ‘Add >> button to add it to the project. Since the project directory is the same as the file directory, there is no need to check the box to copy it. Then Click Next when done. 9. Wizard Summary: Click the Finish button. A new page and project are created in the MPLAB IDE. The new page includes information on the selected PIC MCU device, the active programmer and/or debugger, open windows and their location, and other IDE configuration settings. The page is also related with a ‘project, which includes the files which are needed to build an application (source code, include files, linker scripts and so on.) along with associated language (co

A Literary Analysis of John Hersey Essay example -- Humanist Novelist

A Literary Analysis of John Hersey John Hersey was born in China. His parents were missionaries and raised him in a religious fashion.# His humanistic views were a product of this upbringing. After graduating from Yale, class of 1936#, he dabbled in the art of poetry.# Soon after, he advanced into writing novels. Thought to be one of the last civil writers,# Hersey wrote for Time magazine during World War II, in which he documented many historical accounts.# Hersey also worked under famous muckraker Sinclair Lewis#, whom from he probably obtained his "tell it how it is" writing style. Over the years he has been classified as an American novelist, non-fiction writer, short story writer, editor, and journalist.# John Hersey uses humanistic ideas, explicit detail, and governmental power to convey his story’s moral. After reviewing article after article, one can surmise that John Hersey is a pure humanist. A humanist in that, he is a person who cares about what we do to ourselves and a person who believes that all people are good. Some critics proclaim that Hersey only sees people in time of crisis and not how they really are, which contributes to a sort of bias on Hersey’s part.# In any case, his views are genuine and well rounded. Hersey uses his belief in the goodness of man to exhibit his humanistic ideas. John Hersey uses his belief in the goodness of man to show his humanistic ideas. Hersey feels all humans are good, which in many cases is not always true. Hersey demonstrates his humanistic idea of the goodness of man in Hiroshima. After the bomb is dropped on Hiroshima, there is almost complete devastation. However, Hersey portrays the few "healthy" survivors as all perfect humans. These "perfect humans" stop to help EVERYONE. This seems almost to good to be true. Many people would stop to help, but first priority to most people is themselves. Another example, where Hersey shows his belief in the goodness of man, is that all the people in Hiroshima are nice and almost care free. This could be because a nuclear bomb just exploded and the people are still in disbelief, or it could be another one of Hersey’s humanstic ideas. His views reflect these humanistic ideas because Hersey feels responsible towards society, and thinks everyone else should to.# This is why all the peo ple want to help dig others out and rebuild. They do it... ...elf of brilliant work, and we are all his beneficiaries." Footnotes are order on paper. Wiseman, Carter. A Life in Writing: John Hersey, 1914-1993. (http://www.yale.edu/yam/YAMarchives/Archiveswebsite/Arts/Hersey.html) October 1993. Date viewed: April 22, 2001, p.1 # Wiseman, p.1 # Ibid, p.2 # Ibid, p.5 # Anonymous, John Hersey. (http://jhhs.dis214.k12.il.us/aboutjhhhs/biography/biography.html) October 12, 1999. Date viewed: April 22, 2001, p.1 # Hart, James D. The Oxford Companion to American Literature. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995) p.331 # Marowski, Daniel G. Contemporary Literary Criticism. vol 40. (Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1986) p.225 # Curly, Dorothy. Modern American Literature. vol 2. (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1969) p.84 # Wiseman, p.3 # Saucer, Mark. John Hersey. p. 2 # Commire, Anne. Something About the Author. vol 25. (Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1981) p.141 # Saucer, Mark. John Hersey. p. 3 # Curly, p.84 # Ibid, p.84 # Wiseman, p.1 # Bryfonski, Dedria. Contemporary Literary Criticism. vol 7. (Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1977) p.153 # Wiseman, p.4

Alan Paton Style Analysis Essay

Authors often make an impact on the reader through imaginative story telling and bringing to life intriguing and compelling characters in their stories. Alan Paton not only succeeds in doing this, but further raises the bar by fully immersing his readers by making them not only learn about the characters, but actually instills a sense of caring about their well being. Throughout the novel Paton makes it clear just how much adversity and suffering his character, Stephen Kumalo, must have endured. He utilizes resounding words such as â€Å"doubt† and â€Å"suffering† in the passage chosen. The tone throughout the passage appears to have somber and melancholy quality to it. Kumalo is shown enduring constant tragedy all around him yet he continues to persevere. Paton’s unconventional techniques of dialogue is shown often in this passage. Paton’s dialogue never identifies who is speaking to encourage the reader to pay attention, also he does not use quotation marks like most authors and just bypasses it completely. Paton uses limited omniscient point of view to tell the story. It not only takes us into the stories but stirs emotion within the reader. He allows us to be put in Stephen’s shoes while still left wondering what is really going on. Character development is very apparent throughout the passage. Kumalo started out in the story as a pastor whose faith was strong in God, but at times had doubts, sometimes he would doubt his son for committing atrocities, yet in the end he found forgiveness for his family. Stephan is the epitome of overcoming adversity no matter what perils he came across.

Amiable and Amicable

Amiable and Amicable My dear friends,  amiable and amicable are both agreeable words, but theyre used in slightly different ways. Definitions The adjective amiable means friendly, pleasant, likable, and/or sociable. Amiable is commonly used to describe people. The adverb form is amiably. The adjective amicable means peaceable, willing, or characterized by goodwill. Amicable is generally used to describe situations, encounters, or relationships between people. The adverb form is amicably. Also see the usage notes below.   Examples Hes a big amiable man from Aberdeennothing fazes him and he takes everything in his stride.(Irvine Welsh, My Mentor. The Guardian [UK], July 4, 2008)Guinea pigs do not judge. They do not bully. They are characteristically amiable, social and oh-so-tactile. They tuck comfortably into child-size laps and err on the side of the seriously cute.(Jan Hoffman, Guinea Pigs Are Autistic Child’s Best Friend. The New York Times, June 29, 2015)I think he felt as I did- just a vague sense of sadness at the futility of it all. We were able to sort out our affairs without conflict. Perhaps that is what constitutes an  amicable separation. It was defined not by the presence of friendship but the lack of animosity.(Linda Olsson, The Memory of Love. Penguin, 2013)Following a vacation that Amy took with the two children but without Harry (he couldnt take off time from work), she announced that she wanted a divorce and had never loved him. The process was  surprisingly amicable, with Amy agre eing that Harry would get custody.(Geoffrey L. Greif and Rebecca L. Hegar, When Parents Kidnap. The Free Press, 1993) Usage Notes These are two lovely words. Amiable ultimately derives from Latin words meaning friendly and lovable. And amicable derives from the Latin for friend, which is related to love. But theyre used in different ways in English.Amiable people are friendly, likeable. An amiable mood, conversation, behavior, nature, etc., is friendly, kindly. likeable.Amiability is friendliness, likeability.Amicable relationships, talks, agreements, etc. are characterized by goodwill and a polite and friendly desire not to disagree.To do something amicably is to do it cordially, without quarreling.(Stephen Spector, May I Quote You on That? Oxford University Press, 2015)   Practice (a) The bears and local citizens have an _____ truce, with residents often carrying out a small level of subsistence whaling to keep the polar bears from starving.(Waiting for Sunset: The Stunning Images of Polar Bears at Sundown in Alaska. Daily Express [UK], November 5, 2013)(b) Moments later the bus halts and Abu Riyad, an extremely _____  policeman  with a fine sense of humor, climbs aboard and welcomes us to Jordan.(Carol Spencer Mitchell,  Danger Pay: Memoir of a Photojournalist in the Middle East, 1984-1994. University of Texas Press, 2008)   Answers to Practice Exercises Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words   Answers to Practice Exercises: Amiable and Amicable (a) The bears and local citizens have an amicable truce, with residents often carrying out a small level of subsistence whaling to keep the polar bears from starving.(Waiting for Sunset: The Stunning Images of Polar Bears at Sundown in Alaska.  Daily Express  [UK], November 5, 2013) (b) Moments later the bus halts and Abu Riyad, an extremely amiable  policeman  with a fine sense of humor, climbs aboard and welcomes us to Jordan.(Carol Spencer Mitchell,  Danger Pay: Memoir of a Photojournalist in the Middle East, 1984-1994. University of Texas Press, 2008)   Glossary of Usage: Index of Commonly Confused Words

midterm study Essays

midterm study Essays midterm study Paper midterm study Paper Essay Topic: Literature Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten ________. quickly at first, then tapers off gradually The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of the ________ model of memory. information processing The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called ________. long-term memory According to Robert Sternberg, ________ refers to the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving. This is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence tests and academic achievement tests. analytical intelligence Any behavior that is voluntary is referred to as a(n) ________. operant What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it? confirmation bias Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ________ rehearsal. maintenance Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in. As he walked out of the classroom, he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper. Shaquins problem is the ________ component of memory. retrieval A group of businessmen and women get together to try to solve the problem of decreased sales of their companys products. One of them suggests that they generate as many ideas as they can in a short period of time without being critical of any of them. This technique of stimulating divergent thinking is called ________. brainstorming ________ is retention of memory for some period of time. Storage Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of ________. selective attention Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning? Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement. Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that ________. follows the normal curve Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of ________. chunking When asked to recall the date of John Kennedys assassination, Peter draws a blank; however, when asked whether it was October 24, 1962, November 22, 1963, or February 1, 1965, he correctly answers with the second of the choices. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of ________. retrieval cues Chunking is a means of ________. combining information into meaningful units Which memory system is the one that is a working, active system that processes the information within it? short-term memory Pragmatics are defined as ________. the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social nicetiesof language Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlovs analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as ________. an unconditioned response The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by ________. Terman When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list. This is known as the ________. primacy effect Which of the following is an example of a test using recall? All of these are examples that use recall. Concepts are ideas that represent ________. a class or category of objects, events, or activities Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ________. flashbulb memories In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they CAN escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ________. learned helplessness People with dementia typically have a memory problem known as ________. anterograde amnesia What problem-solving strategies dont guarantee solutions but make efficient use of time? heuristics ________ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory compared to ________ rehearsal. Elaborative; maintenance The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called ________. mental set Dallas is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 10 years. His IQ would be ________. 100 A group of psychologists reviews the literature on the heritability of intelligence. They conclude that most of the estimates indicate that ________ percent of intelligence is due to genetics. 50 In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ________. successive approximations A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch. primary The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ________. operant conditioning Which of these is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation? IQ below 70 Which of the following statements is true regarding punishment? All of these statements are true. After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred. stimulus generalization Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true? Learning is another word for maturation. Which of the following questions would be more likely to produce divergent thinking? How many uses can you think of for a stapler? According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he called Language Acquisition Device (LAD) A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and, thus, ________ the probability of a response. removed; increases Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades? long-term memory A seemingly arbitrary flash out of the blue,through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes apparent to you, but you do not consciously know how you figured it out, is called ________. insight Culture-fair tests attempt to measure ________. the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.This is a statement of ________. Thorndikes Law of Effect ________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage. Memory In this view, memories are literally builtfrom the pieces stored away at encoding. This view is called ________. constructive processing What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? punishment When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as ________. punishment by removal The research of Eich and Metcalf would suggest that if you were really happy when you were learning math, you should be ________ when taking the math exam to do well. happy

Compare and contrast concessionary bargaining and two-tire wage Essay

Compare and contrast concessionary bargaining and two-tire wage systems - Essay Example And supermarkets will contribute only 35% for the pensions of new workers, down from their previous contribution of 100%. The United Auto Workers also accepted a two-tier structure in a supplemental agreement with the two major parts suppliers, Delphi and Visteon, that employ 52,000 workers. While workers at the "Big Three" auto plants average around $24 an hour, the new hires at the parts plants will start at $14 an hour and can eventually rise to $18.50. In the public sector, the 121,000 members of District Council 37, American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME), have approved a contract that allows its members to gain wage increases that will be paid for by reducing the pay, sick days and vacation benefits of newly-hired employees. A two-tier system violates the basic union principle of "equal pay for equal work." How should a newly-hired worker feel if he is doing the same work as another worker and getting only two thirds of his pay It turns the new hires into second-class citizens within the union, breeding dissatisfaction and division. It makes it more difficult to foster unity and solidarity. Moreover, employers, in addition to drastically cutting their labor costs, can use their hiring policies to weaken the union. As union power wanes, companies are finding it easier to plead global competition and request stringent concessions that workers are unable to accept. Such "concessionary bargaining" happens during recessions or industry-specific downturns when some companies face the prospect of filing for protection under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. What's unusual now is how many cases involve companies that are in good shape but cite increased global competition as the reason for the demands. "A lot of companies now are doing it just because they believe they can; it's opportunistic," says Ron Blackwell, chief economist for the AFL-CIO. WORKS CITED: Harry, Kelber. "Unions Accepting a Two-Tier Pay System Are Giving a Major Concession to Bosses". June 9, 2004 Online article

Dr. Malcolm Crowe in The Sixth Sense movie as heroic archetype Essay

Dr. Malcolm Crowe in The Sixth Sense movie as heroic archetype - Essay Example The function of the hero myth is to develop a person’s awareness of his strengths and weaknesses in order to face life’s problems† (Garbis, 2002). Within this myth, the death of the hero functions as a key to the concept that the individual has gained maturity and has been reborn into the image of the father or mentor. The third stage of the individuation process is known as transcendence and is that stage in the maturation process in which the unconscious and the conscious minds merge to enable the person to experience their full potential. While this would seem to suggest a new theory of human development, it is, instead, an idea that is buried in our earliest myths and legends and continues to play out in our modern stories and films. For example, Dr Malcolm in the film The Sixth Sense represents a heroic archetype who has to go through three main stages including the forced quest, climatic battle and the return as inevitable steps required to achieve the ultim ate goal in his life. The first stage of the hero archetype is the forced quest. This is illustrated in the film through Dr. Malcolm’s obvious feelings of guilt regarding previous failures, primarily in the form of Vincent, a former patient who entered long-term psychiatric care after Dr. Malcolm proved unable to help him stop hearing voices. This is contrasted against the doctor’s equally obvious enthusiasm to help people. Through his conversation with his wife and his responses to the congratulations he receives, it becomes clear that Dr. Malcolm is honored and pleased to receive an award for his work, but more interested in what he can do to help children overcome their various issues. His continued preoccupation with Vincent manifests itself in Vincent’s physical presence within the master bathroom the night of the award. Even here, seeing Vincent as a grown young man standing naked in his bathroom after having broken into the house, Malcolm’s primary concern is to